Abstract
Linguistic landscape (LL) projects are widely used to foster sociolinguistic awareness and experiential learning, yet evaluations have relied predominantly on qualitative analyses of interviews and reflective journals. Consequently, systematic examination of student writing for broader discourse patterns remains limited. This study introduces a corpus-based text-mining framework that reconceptualizes student writing as a research corpus, applying triangulated quantitative analyses to LL project discourse. The corpus comprised discussion and conclusion sections from 95 undergraduate papers written in Japanese by English majors at a Japanese university following neighborhood LL investigations. Using KH Coder, four analytical procedures—word frequency, co-occurrence networks, multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical clustering, identified recurring lexical and conceptual patterns. Findings revealed three main tendencies: students interpreted LLs through functional, tourism-oriented perspectives; employed research-oriented discourse marked by comparison and evidence-based reasoning; and conceptually linked abstract language notions with specific varieties and communicative functions. Beyond substantive insights, the framework offers a scalable, replicable approach for corpus-level analysis that complements qualitative methods, advancing both LL pedagogy and educational text-mining methodologies.
References
Allen, T. J. (2025). Experiential learning in an intercultural communication class in Japan: Doing and reflecting on linguistic landscape group projects. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 38(2), 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2024.2449076
Blommaert, J. (2013). Ethnography, superdiversity and linguistic landscapes: Chronicles of complexity. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783090419
Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2009). Language economy and linguistic landscape. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery (pp. 55–69). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203930960-14
Dagenais, D., Moore, D., Sabatier, C., Lamarre, P., & Armand, F. (2009). Linguistic landscape and language awareness. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery (pp. 253–269). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203930960-26
Gorter, D. (Ed.). (2006). Linguistic landscape: A new approach to multilingualism. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853599170
Gorter, D., Cenoz, J., & van der Worp, K. (2021). The linguistic landscape as a resource for language learning and raising language awareness. Journal of Spanish Language Teaching, 8(2), 161-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/23247797.2021.2014029
Higuchi, K. (2016). A two-step approach to quantitative content analysis: KH Coder tutorial using Anne of Green Gables (Part I). Ritsumeikan Social Sciences Review, 52(3), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.34382/00003706
Higuchi, K. (2017). A two-step approach to quantitative content analysis: KH Coder tutorial using Anne of Green Gables (Part II). Ritsumeikan Social Sciences Review, 53(1), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.34382/00003731
Karpava, S. (2024). Multilingual linguistic landscape of Cyprus. International Journal of Multilingualism, 21(2), 823–861. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2022.2096890
Landry, R., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1997). Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16(1), 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X970161002
Lee, E. (2026, September19-20). Learning to see the unseen: A thematic analysis of student learning in linguistic landscape pedagogy [Paper presentation]. The 27th Annual International Conference of the Japanese Society for Language Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
Li, J., & Marshall, S. (2020). Engaging with linguistic landscaping in Vancouver’s Chinatown: A pedagogical tool for teaching and learning about multilingualism. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(8), 925–941. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1422479
Rowland, L. (2013). The pedagogical benefits of a linguistic landscape project in Japan. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 16(4), 494–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2012.708319
Ruddy, R. & Ben Said, S. (Eds.). (2015). Conflict, exclusion and dissent in the linguistic landscape. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137426284
Sayer, P. (2010). Using the linguistic landscape as a pedagogical resource. ELT Journal, 64(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccp051
Shohamy, E., & Gorter, D. (Eds.). (2009). Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203930960
Shohamy, E., & Waksman, S. (2009). Linguistic landscape as an ecological arena. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery (pp. 313–331). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203930960-30
Spinelli, B. (2024). Revisioning the linguistic landscape through a multiliteracies framework: Authorizing learners’ personal semiotics in a global space. In G. Guarnieri (Ed.), The art of teaching Italian (pp.92-117). Georgetown University Press. https://doi.org/10.31389/j.ctv37v9f9t.10

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enid Lee (Author)